Abstract: The Railway Security Guard (SOK) is responsible for protecting railway areas throughout Poland. Its primary mission is to protect human life and health, as well as property, within railway areas, and to maintain public order and safety on railway lines, at stations and terminals, and on trains and other railway vehicles. The main objective of this article is to highlight the importance of this organization within the national security system. Material and methods: The analysis drew on legislative acts, a limited body of literature on the subject, and online sources. The organizational structure, history, objectives, tasks, and powers of the SOK are presented. Its cooperation with other entities within the national security system is also discussed. Results: The SOK plays a very important role in ensuring non-military security and protecting railway areas. Its primary role is to protect human life and health, as well as property on railway premises, and to safeguard railway lines, stations, and strategic shipments. The SOK cooperates with the Police, the Border Guard, the Military Police, the National Revenue Administration, and the Road Transport Inspection. It thus occupies a very important place in the national security system. Conclusions: The primary role of the Railway Security Guard (SOK) is to protect the lives and health of passengers and property on railway premises. The Railway Security Guard is responsible for the security of rail transport in Poland. Its main task is to protect railway lines, stations, and strategic shipments. To carry out its statutory duties, the Railway Security Guard works closely with the Police, the Border Guard, the Military Police, the National Revenue Administration, and the Road Transport Inspection. As an armed and uniformed force, it therefore plays a very important role in the country’s security and public order system. Its role in this system will grow in the future, particularly in light of the Russian Federation’s diversionary and hybrid activities targeting the Polish state.